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ALL LEVELS・N1–N5
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4,256words (N1–N5 total)
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N2
拡散
かくさん
It refers to things spreading and scattering over a wide range. Used in expressions like 「情報が拡散する」, 「ガスが拡散する」, or 「噂が拡散する」, in situations of spreading or being transmitted widely from one point to the surroundings.
AI-generated translation
N2
学識
がくしき
「学」 means learning, and 「識」 means knowledge; together they refer to knowledge obtained through learning. It refers to deep knowledge acquired through scholarship. Used in expressions like 「学識経験者」 or 「高い学識」, it is a formal word for specialized insight acquired through long years of research.
AI-generated translation
N2
革新
かくしん
「革」 means to renew, and 「新」 means new; together they mean to renew and make new. It refers to greatly reforming old institutions or structures. Used in expressions like 「技術革新」 or 「革新的な発想」, in situations of fundamentally changing how things have been. The word with the opposite meaning is 「保守」.
AI-generated translation
N2, N3
隠す
かくす
hide. To keep something from being seen or known by others. Example: 「お金を隠す」 (to hide money), 「本心を隠す」 (to hide one's true feelings). 「隠す」 is used when someone makes a person or thing unseen, and 「隠れる」 when one becomes unseen oneself: 「子どもを隠す」 versus 「子どもが隠れる」.
AI-generated translation
N2
学説
がくせつ
「学」 means learning or scholarship, and 「説」 means opinion or doctrine; together they refer to a doctrine in scholarship. It refers to a doctrine or view about a matter put forward through academic research. Used in expressions like 「新しい学説」 or 「対立する学説」, referring to a theory put forward by a researcher.
AI-generated translation
N2, N3
隠れる
かくれる
To hide oneself so that others cannot find you. Example: 「木の陰に隠れる」 (to hide in the shade of a tree). Also used to mean not known to the world, as in 「隠れた名店」 (a hidden gem restaurant). 「隠れる」 is used when one becomes unseen oneself, and 「隠す」 when someone makes a person or thing unseen: 「子どもが隠れる」 versus 「子どもを隠す」.
AI-generated translation
N2, N3
陰
かげ
A place where light or one's gaze does not reach. Example: 「木の陰で休む」 (to rest in the shade of a tree), 「ドアの陰にかくれる」 (to hide behind a door). Also used to mean somewhere out of a person's sight, as in 「陰で悪口を言う」 (to badmouth someone behind their back). The homophone 「影」 refers to a dark shape cast by light, and is written differently.
AI-generated translation
N2, N3
欠ける
かける
For part of something to break off and be missing. Example: 「茶わんが欠ける」 (a chip breaks off a rice bowl). Also used to mean lacking something necessary, as in 「常識に欠ける」 (to lack common sense), 「メンバーが一人欠ける」 (one member is missing).
AI-generated translation
N2〜N5
掛ける
かける
To hang or place something somewhere. Example: 「かべに絵を掛ける」 (to hang a picture on a wall). Also has various other uses, such as making a phone call or sitting in a chair.
AI-generated translation
N2
加減
かげん
To adjust the degree of something to just the right level; also, that condition itself.
AI-generated translation
N2
過酷
かこく
「過」 means excessive, and 「酷」 means cruel; together they mean cruelty that exceeds proper measure. It refers to a degree of severity that surpasses the limit one can endure. Used in expressions like 「過酷な労働」 or 「過酷な環境」, in situations where the burden on people or things becomes extremely heavy.
AI-generated translation
N2, N3
重ねる
かさねる
To place things on top of each other and stack them. Example: 「皿を重ねる」 (to stack plates). Also used to mean repeating something continuously, as in 「努力を重ねる」 (to make repeated efforts), 「年を重ねる」 (to grow older). 「重ねる」 is used when someone piles things up, and 「重なる」 when things end up piled up: 「皿を重ねる」 versus 「皿が重なる」.
AI-generated translation
N2, N3
飾る
かざる
decorate. To place or attach things so they look beautiful. Example: 「花を飾る」 (to decorate with flowers), 「部屋を飾る」 (to decorate a room). Also used to mean making something appear better than it really is, as in 「言葉を飾る」 (to embellish one's words).
AI-generated translation
N2
微か
かすか
It describes a manner in which sound, light, or smell is so small that it can only barely be perceived. Used in expressions like 「微かな音」 or 「微かに見える」, it expresses a faint and unclear sensation.
AI-generated translation
N2
過疎
かそ
「過」 means excessive, and 「疎」 means sparse; together they mean excessively sparse. It refers to a state in which a region's population has sharply decreased, making it difficult to maintain social life. Used in expressions like 「過疎化」 or 「過疎地域」, in contexts speaking of regional decline. The word with the opposite meaning is 「過密」.
AI-generated translation
N4
堅い
かたい
A state where the content is solid and dependable. Also used for a serious way of thinking or personality. Example:「堅いしごと」(a steady job). Distinguished in writing from the homophones「硬い（かたい）」(strong to the touch) and「固い（かたい）」(strongly bound).
AI-generated translation
N4
硬い
かたい
A state where something is strong and not easily broken or dented. Example:「硬い石」(a hard stone). Also used for a stiff body or expression. Distinguished in writing from the homophones「堅い（かたい）」(solid in content) and「固い（かたい）」(strongly bound).
AI-generated translation
N2
偏る
かたよる
It refers to overall balance breaking down and shifting to one side. Used in expressions like 「栄養が偏る」 or 「意見が偏る」, in situations where what should originally be even has tilted to one side.
AI-generated translation
N2
活性化
かっせいか
It refers to activity becoming lively, or to making it lively. Used in expressions like 「地域の活性化」 or 「経済を活性化する」, in situations of making the movement of an organization, a region, or a market vigorous.
AI-generated translation
N2
合致
がっち
「合」 means to fit, and 「致」 means to arrive precisely; together they mean to fit precisely as one. It refers to two or more matters fitting together exactly as one. Used in expressions like 「条件に合致する」 or 「証言と合致する」, it is a formal word used when content or conditions completely overlap.
AI-generated translation
N2
かつて
かつて
An adverb referring to a certain period in the past, meaning "formerly" or "long ago." Used in expressions like「かつてない規模」(an unprecedented scale)、「かつて栄えた街」(a town that once flourished). Although it can be written with the kanji「嘗て」, the hiragana form is more common.
AI-generated translation
N2
過程
かてい
The course something follows as it progresses toward a result.
AI-generated translation
N2
仮定
かてい
To tentatively treat something not yet certain as being true, and proceed on that basis.
AI-generated translation
N2〜N4
家庭
かてい
The place where family members, such as parents and children, live together. Example: 「家庭で作る料理」 (home-cooked food).
AI-generated translation
N2
叶える
かなえる
It refers to making a wish or dream come true. Used in expressions like 「夢を叶える」 or 「願いを叶える」, in situations of giving actual form to what one had hoped for.
AI-generated translation
N1, N2
庇う
かばう
It refers to protecting someone from attack or criticism. Used in expressions like 「子を庇う」 or 「部下を庇う」, in situations of stepping in between to protect someone in a weaker position.
AI-generated translation
N2
華美
かび
「華」 means showy, and 「美」 means beautiful; the word combines two synonymous characters. It describes appearances that are flashy and excessively showy. Used in expressions like 「華美な装飾」 or 「華美に走る」, it expresses extravagant and excessive showiness. It is used negatively in situations that should be simple.
AI-generated translation
N2, N3
株
かぶ
The original meaning is the base of a cut tree that remains in the ground (切り株, stump). From this, it is widely used to mean the rights of someone who has invested in a company. Example: 「株を買う」 (to buy stock), 「株が上がる」 (stock rises). Also appears in the expression 「お株をうばう」 (to outdo someone at their own specialty).
AI-generated translation
N2
過密
かみつ
「過」 means excessive, and 「密」 means densely gathered; together they mean density that exceeds the proper measure. It refers to a state in which people or things are gathered beyond limit. Used in expressions like 「過密都市」 or 「過密スケジュール」, in contexts where there is no room in space or time. The word with the opposite meaning is 「過疎」.
AI-generated translation
N2
仮面
かめん
A mask put on the face. By metaphor it is also used in the sense of "an apparent appearance that hides one's true heart," used most often in situations of expressing the discrepancy between a person's outer face and inner self, as in 「仮面をかぶる」 or 「仮面の下」.
AI-generated translation
N1, N4
柄
がら
A pattern appearing on the surface of cloth, paper, and the like. Used as in「花柄」「柄物のシャツ」. It also expresses personality, dignity, or the nature of things, used in idioms and compounds that express the nature inherent to a person or thing, as in「柄が悪い」「柄にもない」「人柄」「家柄」.
AI-generated translation
N2
殻
から
The hard part covering the outside of an object. Used for eggs, shells, nuts, and the like. By metaphor it is also used in the sense of "the state of shutting oneself up inside," used most often in situations of expressing the human psyche, as in 「殻に閉じこもる」 or 「殻を破る」.
AI-generated translation
N2
絡む
からむ
It refers to string-like objects winding around. By metaphor it is also used in the senses of "matters being complexly related" or "a person clinging persistently," as in 「利害が絡む」 or 「酔って絡む」.
AI-generated translation
N2
華麗
かれい
「華」 means showy, and 「麗」 means beautiful; the word combines two synonymous characters. It describes a state of being showy and beautiful. Used in expressions like 「華麗な舞」 or 「華麗な経歴」, it expresses eye-catching beauty and splendor. It is used for visually striking subjects like movements and careers.
AI-generated translation
N2
過労死
かろうし
It refers to death caused by excessive labor. Used in expressions like 「過労死が問題になる」 or 「過労死認定」, it is used in contexts where health damage from long working hours is discussed as a social issue.
AI-generated translation
N3〜N5
代わり
かわり
For a different person or thing to take on a role. In the form 「お代わり」, it is also used to mean having a second helping of food.
AI-generated translation
N4
変わる
かわる
To become something different from before. Example: 「きせつが変わる」 (the season changes). When changing something oneself, 「変える」 is used.
AI-generated translation
N4
考える
かんがえる
To use one's head to think about various things. Example: 「こたえを考える」 (to think about the answer).
AI-generated translation
N2
頑強
がんきょう
「頑」 means stubborn, and 「強」 means strong; together they mean stubbornly strong. It describes the manner of not yielding to persuasion or pressure and stubbornly persisting. Used in expressions like 「頑強に抵抗する」 or 「頑強な反対」, it expresses the strength of an attitude or stance. It is also sometimes used with a slightly negative implication.
AI-generated translation
N2
玩具
がんぐ
「玩」 means to play with, and 「具」 means a tool; together they refer to a tool for playing. A toy. It is a formal notation used as industry terminology and product classification, as in 「玩具メーカー」 or 「教育玩具」. In everyday speech, the reading 「おもちゃ」 is more common.
AI-generated translation
N4
関係
かんけい
For two or more things to be connected. Example: 「しごとに関係がある本」 (a book related to work).
AI-generated translation
N2
簡潔
かんけつ
Being concise and easy to understand, without excess and neatly summarized.
AI-generated translation
N2
還元
かんげん
「還」 means to return, and 「元」 means the origin; together they mean to return to the source. It refers to returning what one has obtained to the original people or place. Used in expressions like 「利益を社会に還元する」 or 「消費者に還元する」, in situations of redistributing gains from corporate activity to relevant parties.
AI-generated translation
N2
換算
かんさん
To recalculate a quantity in one unit into another unit.
AI-generated translation
N2
干渉
かんしょう
To meddle in another person's affairs and interfere.
AI-generated translation
N2
肝心
かんじん
「肝」 means the liver, and 「心」 means the heart; both characters refer to internal organs essential to life, and from this they came to express the most vital part. It refers to the most important part of a matter. Used in expressions like 「肝心の本人」 or 「肝心なところ」, expressing the indispensable core point. It is mostly used in the forms 「肝心の〜」 or 「肝心な〜」.
AI-generated translation
N2
寛大
かんだい
「寛」 means broad, and 「大」 means large; together they mean a broad and large heart. It describes the manner of not severely blaming others' mistakes but receiving them with a generous heart. Used in expressions like 「寛大な処置」 or 「寛大に扱う」, it expresses an attitude of forgiveness toward others. It is often used as the attitude of those in higher positions.
AI-generated translation
N2
歓待
かんたい
「歓」 means to rejoice, and 「待」 means to entertain a guest; together they mean to entertain joyously. It refers to receiving a guest from the heart. Used in expressions like 「手厚い歓待を受ける」, it is a formal word for polite and warm hospitality. It is used in formal situations and travel writing.
AI-generated translation
N4
簡単
かんたん
A state of being easy to understand, simple. Not requiring much effort. Example: 「簡単なもんだい」 (an easy problem).
AI-generated translation
N2
鑑定
かんてい
To examine and judge whether an object is genuine, as well as its value and quality.
AI-generated translation
Vocabulary data on this site is based on the JMdict/EDICT project (© Electronic Dictionary Research and Development Group, CC BY-SA 4.0). JLPT level classification is our own assessment using AI (Claude) and is not an official JLPT standard.