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To go over to the other side of a mountain, river, border, etc. Example: 「国境を越える」 (to cross a border), 「峠を越える」 (to go over a mountain pass). The homophone 「超える」 refers to a quantity or limit being exceeded, as in 「1万人を超える」 (to exceed 10,000 people), and is written differently.
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N5五月ごがつ
The 5th month of the year.
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N2故郷こきょう
It refers to the land where one was born and raised. Used in expressions like 「故郷に帰る」 or 「故郷を離れる」, it is a somewhat formal word for the place of one's roots, with the same meaning as ふるさと.
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N2, N4国際こくさい
Something between countries. It is always attached to the front of another word, and 「国際」 alone never stands in a sentence. A plane that flies between countries is a 「国際線(こくさいせん)」, and ties between countries are 「国際関係(こくさいかんけい)」; there are also 「国際けっこん」 and 「国際くうこう」. In the form 「国際的(こくさいてき)」 it becomes a word that describes what something is like, as in 「国際的にゆうめいな店」.
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N2告示こくじ
It refers to the state or public office widely informing the general public of matters that have been decided. Used in expressions like 「選挙の告示」 or 「告示する」, it is a formal word used in situations of official announcement.
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N2極上ごくじょう
It refers to quality or degree being so good that it cannot be better. Used in expressions like 「極上の品」 or 「極上のひととき」, it is a somewhat formal word for the highest-grade things.
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N2酷評こくひょう
「酷」 means cruel or severe, and 「評」 means to evaluate. It refers to criticizing a work or behavior severely and without mercy. Used in expressions like 「批評家に酷評される」 or 「酷評を浴びる」, in situations where a strongly negative evaluation is given.
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N2克服こくふく
「克」 means to win over, and 「服」 means to make submit; the original meaning is to defeat an enemy and bring them under control. From this, it came to mean to overcome difficulties or weaknesses through effort. Used in expressions like 「病気を克服する」 or 「困難を克服する」, in contexts speaking about the results of overcoming obstacles.
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N2克明こくめい
「克」 means to thoroughly accomplish, and 「明」 means to make clear; together they mean to make clear down to every corner. It refers to being precise to the smallest detail, without overlooking anything. Used in expressions like 「克明に記録する」 or 「克明な描写」, it is a formal word expressing thoroughness in reporting, observation, and description.
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N3, N5ここここ
A word referring to a place close to the speaker.
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N5午後ごご
afternoon. The time from noon until night. The antonym is 「午前」 (morning/before noon).
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N2心地ここち
The feeling or sensation one experiences when doing something. When used on its own it is read 「ここち」, as in 「生きた心地がしない」. It is mostly used attached after other words, as in 「乗り心地」「居心地」「夢心地」, and in this case it is read with the voiced sound 「〜ごこち」.
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N5九日ここのか
The 9th day of the month. Also, a period of 9 days. Read as "ここのか."
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N5九つここのつ
nine. The number 9 when counting things.
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N4心こころ
heart. The thing inside a person that feels happiness, sadness, etc. Also used to mean a way of thinking, as in 「心がひろい」 (broad-minded).
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N2心当たりこころあたり
Something that comes to mind; a rough idea or guess. 「心当たりがない」.
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N2心掛けるこころがける
To always be mindful and make an effort to do something.
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N2試みるこころみる
It refers to attempting something whose success is uncertain. Used in expressions like 「新しい方法を試みる」 or 「挑戦を試みる」, it is a formal verb expressing experimental action.
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N2快いこころよい
Pleasant, feeling good; also describes accepting something willingly and readily. 「快い風」「快く承諾する」.
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N2誤差ごさ
The difference between a correct value and the value actually measured.
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N2誇示こじ
「誇」 means to boast, and 「示」 means to show; together they mean to display something boastfully. It refers to showing off one's power or position with self-satisfaction. Used in expressions like 「権力を誇示する」 or 「誇示するように」, it is a slightly critical word for behavior aimed at impressing others.
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N2孤児こじ
It refers to a child who has lost their parents and has no guardian. Used in expressions like 「戦災孤児」 or 「孤児院」, it is a formal word used in contexts of social protection.
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N4故障こしょう
For a machine or tool to break and stop working. Example: 「くるまが故障する」 (a car breaks down).
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N2こじれるこじれる
It refers to a relationship or problem becoming complicated in a bad direction and difficult to resolve. Used in expressions like 「話がこじれる」 or 「関係がこじれる」, in situations of becoming entangled and worsening.
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N2故人こじん
A person who has died. A different word from 「個人」 (each individual person), which has the same reading.
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N1, N2擦るこする
To press something firmly against the surface of an object and move it. A different action from 「摩る」 (to stroke gently) or 「刷る」 (to print), which are also read 「する」.
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N2個性こせい
A unique quality that belongs only to that person or thing, different from others. Used as in 「個性を生かす」.
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N5午前ごぜん
The time from morning until noon. The antonym is 「午後」 (afternoon).
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N2古代こだい
Ancient times. One of the periods into which history is divided, coming after the primitive age and before the medieval age. 「古代ローマ」.
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N5答えるこたえる
answer. To respond to a question or problem with words or a sentence. Example: 「質問に答える」 (to answer a question).
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N2こだわるこだわる
The word originally had a somewhat negative meaning of being caught up in trivial matters and unable to be free of them. From this, it developed the meaning of being strongly attentive to one thing and not letting it go easily. It is still used negatively, as in 「過去にこだわる」, but in modern Japanese it is more often used positively to describe an attitude of standing by one's beliefs or preferences, as in 「味にこだわる」 or 「細部にこだわる」.
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N2誇張こちょう
To express something in an exaggerated way, beyond what it actually is.
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N5こちらこちら
A polite way of saying 「ここ」. Also used to refer to a person, as in 「こちらは田中さんです」.
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N2骨格こっかく
(1) The bone framework that supports the body. 「がっしりした骨格」. (2) The basic structure of a matter. 「計画の骨格」.
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N5こっちこっち
A casual way of saying 「こちら」. Used in spoken language.
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N3, N5事こと
A word referring to a matter, or the content of a talk. Example: 「話す事」 (something to talk about), 「大事な事」 (an important matter). Very often written in hiragana as 「こと」.
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N2孤独こどく
It refers to the state of being lonely with no one around. Used in expressions like 「孤独を感じる」 or 「孤独な生活」, it expresses the emotional sensation of being alone.
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N5今年ことし
This year. Read as 「ことし」, not read according to the characters as written.
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N5言葉ことば
Something people use to convey feelings or thoughts through speaking or writing. Also used to mean a specific language, as in 「国のことば」 (the language of a country), such as Japanese or English.
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N3, N5子供こども
child. A young person. The opposite of an adult. Also used to mean one's own son or daughter. Often written as 「子ども」.
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N4小鳥ことり
small bird. A small bird, such as a sparrow.
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N2こなすこなす
It refers to skillfully handling difficult work or a large volume of tasks. Used in expressions like 「仕事をこなす」 or 「英語を使いこなす」, it is a verb used in situations of putting one's ability to work to dispose of things.
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N2こなれるこなれる
Originally it meant that food becomes digested, or that something is broken down into small pieces. From this, it developed the meaning of becoming accustomed and feeling natural. Used in expressions like 「文章がこなれる」 or 「演技がこなれてきた」, it describes a state in which awkwardness has been shed and skill has been gained.
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N5このこの
A word referring to something close to the speaker. Used before a noun, as in 「この本」 (this book).
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N4この間このあいだ
A certain time a little while ago. Example: 「この間、えきで先生に会った」 (I met the teacher at the station the other day).
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N4この頃このごろ
A recent period, close to now. Example: 「この頃、さむくなった」 (it has gotten cold lately).
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N5御飯ごはん
Cooked rice. Also used to mean a meal, as in 「朝御飯」 (breakfast), 「御飯を食べる」 (to eat a meal). Usually written 「ご飯」 or 「ごはん」.
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N4細かいこまかい
A state where the size or amount of something is small. Also used to mean small denominations of money, as in 「細かいおかね」 (small change).
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N3, N5困るこまる
To not know what to do because of something unpleasant or difficult. Example: 「お金がなくて困る」 (troubled by not having money).
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N4ごみごみ
trash. Something no longer needed that is thrown away.