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ALL LEVELS・N1–N5
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4,256words (N1–N5 total)
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N2
故郷
こきょう
It refers to the land where one was born and raised. Used in expressions like 「故郷に帰る」 or 「故郷を離れる」, it is a somewhat formal word for the place of one's roots, with the same meaning as ふるさと.
AI-generated translation
N1
極悪
ごくあく
「極」 means utmost, and 「悪」 means bad; together they mean bad to the utmost. It refers to being bad beyond all measure. Used in expressions like 「極悪非道」 or 「極悪人」, it is a formal word for situations of strongly condemning crimes or cruel acts.
AI-generated translation
N1
極意
ごくい
「極」 means to reach the extreme, and 「意」 means heart or insight; together they refer to the insight at the state of utmost mastery. It refers to the most important and profound insight in learning, the arts, or martial arts. Used in expressions like 「極意を授ける」 or 「極意をきわめる」, it expresses the essence obtained through long years of training.
AI-generated translation
N2, N4
国際
こくさい
Something between countries. It is always attached to the front of another word, and 「国際」 alone never stands in a sentence. A plane that flies between countries is a 「国際線（こくさいせん）」, and ties between countries are 「国際関係（こくさいかんけい）」; there are also 「国際けっこん」 and 「国際くうこう」. In the form 「国際的（こくさいてき）」 it becomes a word that describes what something is like, as in 「国際的にゆうめいな店」.
AI-generated translation
N1
酷似
こくじ
「酷」 means severe, and 「似」 means to resemble; together they mean to resemble severely. It refers to appearance or content being so similar that they cannot be told apart. Used in expressions like 「酷似している」 or 「Aに酷似する」, it is a formal word for situations of mentioning a coincidental resemblance or a suspicion of imitation.
AI-generated translation
N1
酷使
こくし
「酷」 means cruel or severe, and 「使」 means to use; together they mean to use harshly. It refers to continuously using a person or thing intensely beyond reasonable limits. Used in expressions like 「目を酷使する」 or 「労働者を酷使する」, in situations of imposing excessive burden.
AI-generated translation
N2
告示
こくじ
It refers to the state or public office widely informing the general public of matters that have been decided. Used in expressions like 「選挙の告示」 or 「告示する」, it is a formal word used in situations of official announcement.
AI-generated translation
N2
極上
ごくじょう
It refers to quality or degree being so good that it cannot be better. Used in expressions like 「極上の品」 or 「極上のひととき」, it is a somewhat formal word for the highest-grade things.
AI-generated translation
N1
告訴
こくそ
It refers to the victim of a crime requesting the prosecutor or police to punish the perpetrator. Used in expressions like 「告訴する」 or 「告訴を取り下げる」, it is a word used as a legal procedure.
AI-generated translation
N2
酷評
こくひょう
「酷」 means cruel or severe, and 「評」 means to evaluate. It refers to criticizing a work or behavior severely and without mercy. Used in expressions like 「批評家に酷評される」 or 「酷評を浴びる」, in situations where a strongly negative evaluation is given.
AI-generated translation
N2
克服
こくふく
「克」 means to win over, and 「服」 means to make submit; the original meaning is to defeat an enemy and bring them under control. From this, it came to mean to overcome difficulties or weaknesses through effort. Used in expressions like 「病気を克服する」 or 「困難を克服する」, in contexts speaking about the results of overcoming obstacles.
AI-generated translation
N2
克明
こくめい
「克」 means to thoroughly accomplish, and 「明」 means to make clear; together they mean to make clear down to every corner. It refers to being precise to the smallest detail, without overlooking anything. Used in expressions like 「克明に記録する」 or 「克明な描写」, it is a formal word expressing thoroughness in reporting, observation, and description.
AI-generated translation
N1
孤軍
こぐん
「孤」 means alone and 「軍」 means army; the original meaning refers to a single unit left isolated without support from allies. From this, the word came to describe a unit or individual fighting in isolation. It is a formal term that expresses facing difficulty alone, used almost exclusively as a set phrase such as 「孤軍奮闘する」.
AI-generated translation
N1
孤高
ここう
「孤」 means alone, and 「高」 means a lofty state; together they mean maintaining a lofty state by oneself. It refers to keeping high ideals or position alone, without conforming to others. Used in expressions like 「孤高の人」 or 「孤高を保つ」, it is a somewhat archaic and formal word expressing independent nobility.
AI-generated translation
N2
心地
ここち
The feeling or sensation one experiences when doing something. When used on its own it is read 「ここち」, as in 「生きた心地がしない」. It is mostly used attached after other words, as in 「乗り心地」「居心地」「夢心地」, and in this case it is read with the voiced sound 「〜ごこち」.
AI-generated translation
N2
心当たり
こころあたり
Something that comes to mind; a rough idea or guess. 「心当たりがない」.
AI-generated translation
N2
心掛ける
こころがける
To always be mindful and make an effort to do something.
AI-generated translation
N2
試みる
こころみる
It refers to attempting something whose success is uncertain. Used in expressions like 「新しい方法を試みる」 or 「挑戦を試みる」, it is a formal verb expressing experimental action.
AI-generated translation
N2
快い
こころよい
Pleasant, feeling good; also describes accepting something willingly and readily. 「快い風」「快く承諾する」.
AI-generated translation
N2
誤差
ごさ
The difference between a correct value and the value actually measured.
AI-generated translation
N2
誇示
こじ
「誇」 means to boast, and 「示」 means to show; together they mean to display something boastfully. It refers to showing off one's power or position with self-satisfaction. Used in expressions like 「権力を誇示する」 or 「誇示するように」, it is a slightly critical word for behavior aimed at impressing others.
AI-generated translation
N2
孤児
こじ
It refers to a child who has lost their parents and has no guardian. Used in expressions like 「戦災孤児」 or 「孤児院」, it is a formal word used in contexts of social protection.
AI-generated translation
N1
固執
こしつ
「固」 means firmly, and 「執」 means to grasp or cling; together they mean to cling firmly. It refers to stubbornly not changing one's opinion or thoughts. Used in expressions like 「自説に固執する」 or 「過去に固執する」, in contexts that critically describe a lack of flexibility.
AI-generated translation
N1
こじつけ
こじつけ
It refers to forcibly connecting things that originally have no relation by attaching some reasoning. Used in expressions like 「こじつけにすぎない」 or 「こじつけの解釈」, it is a noun used in situations of criticizing forced association.
AI-generated translation
N2
こじれる
こじれる
It refers to a relationship or problem becoming complicated in a bad direction and difficult to resolve. Used in expressions like 「話がこじれる」 or 「関係がこじれる」, in situations of becoming entangled and worsening.
AI-generated translation
N2
故人
こじん
A person who has died. A different word from 「個人」 (each individual person), which has the same reading.
AI-generated translation
N1, N2
擦る
こする
To press something firmly against the surface of an object and move it. A different action from 「摩る」 (to stroke gently) or 「刷る」 (to print), which are also read 「する」.
AI-generated translation
N2
個性
こせい
A unique quality that belongs only to that person or thing, different from others. Used as in 「個性を生かす」.
AI-generated translation
N1
誇大
こだい
「誇」 means to boast, and 「大」 means large; together they mean to make something appear larger by boasting. It refers to saying or showing something as larger than it actually is. Used in expressions like 「誇大広告」 or 「誇大に表現する」, in contexts that criticize expressions inflated beyond reality.
AI-generated translation
N2
古代
こだい
Ancient times. One of the periods into which history is divided, coming after the primitive age and before the medieval age. 「古代ローマ」.
AI-generated translation
N1
誇大妄想
こだいもうそう
「誇大」 means exaggerated and inflated, and 「妄想」 means imagining without basis in fact; together they mean imagining oneself as larger than one really is. It refers to thinking of one's ability or position as far greater than reality, divorced from facts. Used in expressions like 「誇大妄想に陥る」, it is a four-character idiom used to criticize excessive self-evaluation.
AI-generated translation
N2
こだわる
こだわる
The word originally had a somewhat negative meaning of being caught up in trivial matters and unable to be free of them. From this, it developed the meaning of being strongly attentive to one thing and not letting it go easily. It is still used negatively, as in 「過去にこだわる」, but in modern Japanese it is more often used positively to describe an attitude of standing by one's beliefs or preferences, as in 「味にこだわる」 or 「細部にこだわる」.
AI-generated translation
N2
誇張
こちょう
To express something in an exaggerated way, beyond what it actually is.
AI-generated translation
N2
骨格
こっかく
(1) The bone framework that supports the body. 「がっしりした骨格」. (2) The basic structure of a matter. 「計画の骨格」.
AI-generated translation
N1
滑稽
こっけい
To be so absurd that it is funny enough to make one laugh without meaning to.
AI-generated translation
N2
孤独
こどく
It refers to the state of being lonely with no one around. Used in expressions like 「孤独を感じる」 or 「孤独な生活」, it expresses the emotional sensation of being alone.
AI-generated translation
N2
こなす
こなす
It refers to skillfully handling difficult work or a large volume of tasks. Used in expressions like 「仕事をこなす」 or 「英語を使いこなす」, it is a verb used in situations of putting one's ability to work to dispose of things.
AI-generated translation
N2
こなれる
こなれる
Originally it meant that food becomes digested, or that something is broken down into small pieces. From this, it developed the meaning of becoming accustomed and feeling natural. Used in expressions like 「文章がこなれる」 or 「演技がこなれてきた」, it describes a state in which awkwardness has been shed and skill has been gained.
AI-generated translation
N1
拒む
こばむ
It refers to clearly not accepting another's proposal or demand. Used in expressions like 「面会を拒む」 or 「協力を拒む」, it is a somewhat formal verb used in situations of refusing with strong intent.
AI-generated translation
N2
こもる
こもる
The basic meaning is to remain inside without going out, or for a filled state inside not to disperse. Specifically, it refers to a person shutting themselves indoors and not going outside, or to smoke, smells, or emotions filling the interior without dispersing. Used as 「家にこもる」 or 「熱気がこもる」.
AI-generated translation
N2
こらえる
こらえる
It refers to enduring something painful or an emotion without letting it show. Used in expressions like 「涙をこらえる」 or 「痛みをこらえる」, in situations of suppressing strong emotions or pain.
AI-generated translation
N1
凝らす
こらす
It refers to gathering one's mind or ingenuity to one point and putting it to work. Used in expressions like 「目を凝らす」 or 「趣向を凝らす」, it is a verb used in situations of strongly concentrating one's consciousness or creativity.
AI-generated translation
N2
孤立
こりつ
It refers to being separated from companions or surroundings and being alone. Used in expressions like 「孤立する」 or 「孤立を深める」, it is a formal word for a state of loneliness in social or geographical terms.
AI-generated translation
N2
こりる
こりる
It refers to thinking, from a failure or painful experience, that one never wants to do the same thing again. Used in expressions like 「失敗にこりる」 or 「こりずに挑戦する」, it is a verb expressing reflection or a lesson learned.
AI-generated translation
N2
婚姻
こんいん
It refers to a man and woman becoming husband and wife in legal terms. Used in expressions like 「婚姻届」 or 「婚姻関係」, it is a word that expresses marriage in a formal and institutional way.
AI-generated translation
N1
根幹
こんかん
「根」 means root, and 「幹」 means trunk; together they refer to the root and trunk of a tree, that is, the center supporting things. It refers to the most central and important part of a matter. Used in expressions like 「制度の根幹」 or 「根幹に関わる」, it is a formal word for the foundation of an organization or system.
AI-generated translation
N2
根気
こんき
「根」 refers to the root that supports things, and 「気」 means mental energy. It refers to the mental energy to continue something to the end without giving up. Used in expressions like 「根気がいる」 or 「根気よく」, in contexts of tasks that require patience.
AI-generated translation
N2
根拠
こんきょ
The basis on which a judgment or claim rests.
AI-generated translation
N1
権化
ごんげ
A word referring to something that embodies a particular quality or spirit in tangible form. Used metaphorically as in「悪の権化」「執念の権化」to describe an entity that extremely embodies a certain trait.
AI-generated translation
N1
根源
こんげん
「根」 means root, and 「源」 means the source of a river; the word combines two synonymous characters, both indicating the starting point of something. It refers to the great source from which things arise. Used in expressions like 「根源を探る」 or 「悪の根源」, it is a formal word for the cause lying at the deepest part of something.
AI-generated translation
Vocabulary data on this site is based on the JMdict/EDICT project (© Electronic Dictionary Research and Development Group, CC BY-SA 4.0). JLPT level classification is our own assessment using AI (Claude) and is not an official JLPT standard.