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ALL LEVELS・N1–N5
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4,256words (N1–N5 total)
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N2
組み立てる
くみたてる
It refers to arranging parts or elements in order to make a finished product or overall structure. It is used broadly, from assembling furniture and machinery to constructing logic, plans, and writing.
AI-generated translation
N1
組み直す
くみなおす
It refers to once undoing what has already been put together and rebuilding it anew. Used in expressions like 「予算を組み直す」 or 「計画を組み直す」, in situations of reconstructing after a review.
AI-generated translation
N1
組み伏せる
くみふせる
It refers to grappling with the other party and pinning them down by force so that they cannot move. It is a somewhat formal word used in situations of fighting or arrest, and also appears in news articles.
AI-generated translation
N1, N4
汲む
くむ
Originally a verb meaning to scoop up liquid with a vessel. From this it developed the figurative meaning of perceiving and showing consideration for another person's circumstances or feelings. Used in situations where one reads and accepts another's unspoken thoughts, as in 「事情を汲む」(understand someone's circumstances)、「気持ちを汲む」(understand someone's feelings)、「真意を汲む」(grasp the true intention). The form 「汲み取る」 is also commonly used. The figurative usage is central.
AI-generated translation
N3
組む
くむ
To combine separate things into one. Also used when cooperating with a person or making a plan, as in 「腕を組む」 (to fold one's arms), 「予算を組む」 (to put together a budget).
AI-generated translation
N1
工面
くめん
「工」 means craft or effort, and 「面」 means contrivance; together they mean to contrive through ingenuity. It refers to somehow managing to prepare money or other things through hard effort. Used in expressions like 「学費を工面する」 or 「資金を工面する」, in situations of scraping together what is lacking.
AI-generated translation
N2
雲行き
くもゆき
It refers to a change in the course or atmosphere of a matter. Used in expressions like 「雲行きが怪しい」, in situations of sensing signs that things are likely to develop in an unfavorable direction. It is a metaphorical expression transferred from meteorology.
AI-generated translation
N2, N3, N5
曇る
くもる
For the sky to become full of clouds. Example: 「午後から曇る」 (it will become cloudy in the afternoon).
AI-generated translation
N1
苦悶
くもん
「苦」 means pain or suffering, and 「悶」 means to writhe in agony; the word combines two synonymous characters. It refers to writhing intensely in physical pain or mental suffering. Used in expressions like 「苦悶の表情を浮かべる」, it is a formal written word expressing deep suffering, used in newspapers and literary writing.
AI-generated translation
N3
悔しい
くやしい
A frustrated, angry feeling that comes from losing or failing and being unable to accept it. Example: 「試合に負けて悔しい」 (frustrated at losing the match), 「悔しい思いをする」 (to feel frustration).
AI-generated translation
N3
悔やむ
くやむ
regret. To feel sorry, thinking one should have done otherwise at that time. Example: 「失敗を悔やむ」 (to regret a failure). 「悔いる」 is a formal word with the same meaning.
AI-generated translation
N1, N3, N5
暗い
くらい
dark. Having little light, so things are hard to see. Example: 「暗いへや」 (a dark room). The antonym is 「明るい」 (bright).
AI-generated translation
N2
暮らし向き
くらしむき
It refers to the economic situation of daily life. Used in expressions like 「暮らし向きが楽になる」, it is a slightly formal word for the comfort of household finances or the standard of living.
AI-generated translation
N3
暮らす
くらす
To live and spend one's days. Example: 「一人で暮らす」 (to live alone), 「幸せに暮らす」 (to live happily). The noun form is 「暮らし」 (life/living).
AI-generated translation
N2
繰り上げる
くりあげる
To move a scheduled date, time, or order earlier than originally planned. The word with the opposite meaning is 「繰り下げる」.
AI-generated translation
N3
繰り返す
くりかえす
repeat. To do the same thing many times. Example: 「失敗を繰り返す」 (to repeat a mistake), 「同じ説明を繰り返す」 (to repeat the same explanation).
AI-generated translation
N1
苦慮
くりょ
「苦」 means painful, and 「慮」 means to consider or worry; together they mean to think while suffering. It refers to thinking and worrying over and over. Used in expressions like 「対応に苦慮する」 or 「処遇に苦慮している」, it is a formal expression for situations of struggling with how to handle a difficult problem. Often seen in newspapers and official announcements.
AI-generated translation
N2, N4, N5
来る
くる
come. For a person or thing to move toward where the speaker is. The antonym is 「行く」 (to go). The reading changes to 「こ」 or 「き」 in forms like 「来ない」 and 「来ます」.
AI-generated translation
N3
狂う
くるう
To go out of a normal state. Used to mean something not working correctly or not going as planned, as in 「時計が狂う」 (a clock goes out of order), 「計画が狂う」 (a plan goes awry).
AI-generated translation
N3
苦しい
くるしい
A state in which the body or mind is in distress. Example: 「息が苦しい」 (it's hard to breathe), 「生活が苦しい」 (life is hard, i.e., not enough money), 「苦しい言い訳」 (a strained/unconvincing excuse).
AI-generated translation
N2
苦し紛れ
くるしまぎれ
It refers to actions or remarks given in the moment without thinking about consequences, due to extreme distress. Used in expressions like 「苦し紛れの言い訳」, it indicates the desperate response given when one is driven into a corner.
AI-generated translation
N3
くるむ
くるむ
To wrap something entirely. Example: 「赤ちゃんを毛布でくるむ」 (to wrap a baby in a blanket). Nearly the same as 「包む」, but used when wrapping something soft around an object like winding it.
AI-generated translation
N3
暮れ
くれ
The time toward the end of a day, season, or year. Example: 「年の暮れ」 (the end of the year), 「日の暮れ」 (evening/dusk). The verb form is 「暮れる」.
AI-generated translation
N3
苦労
くろう
hardship. To struggle through difficulty for something to work out well. Example: 「苦労して育てる」 (to raise something/someone through hard effort), 「ご苦労さま」 (thank you for your hard work).
AI-generated translation
N1
玄人
くろうと
A person with many years of experience and high skill in a particular field. Used in the sense of expert or connoisseur, as in「玄人はだし」. The antonym is「素人(しろうと)」.
AI-generated translation
N1
苦労人
くろうにん
A person who has experienced many hardships from a young age and understands well human feelings and the subtleties of things. Used in expressions like 「あの人は苦労人だ」, it is used in contexts of positively evaluating the other person's character.
AI-generated translation
N3
加える
くわえる
add. To add something further to what already exists. Example: 「塩を加える」 (to add salt), 「メンバーに加える」 (to add to the members). Also used as in 「熱を加える」 (to apply heat), 「力を加える」 (to apply force). 「加える」 is used when someone adds something, and 「加わる」 when something joins in: 「メンバーに加える」 versus 「メンバーに加わる」.
AI-generated translation
N3
詳しい
くわしい
detailed. A state of being clearly understood down to fine points. Example: 「詳しい説明」 (a detailed explanation). Also used to mean knowing a lot about something, as in 「歴史に詳しい」 (knowledgeable about history).
AI-generated translation
N2
食わず嫌い
くわずぎらい
It refers to disliking something from the start and not accepting it without having actually tried it. It is a set noun used broadly, including for prejudice toward new ways of thinking and matters, in addition to food.
AI-generated translation
N1
軍需
ぐんじゅ
「軍」 means military, and 「需」 means demand or need; together they refer to demand for military purposes. It refers to demand or supplies related to military matters. Used in expressions like 「軍需産業」 or 「軍需物資」, it is a word for the production and supply of weapons and military-related items, used in economic and historical articles.
AI-generated translation
N2
群衆
ぐんしゅう
It refers to a large number of people gathered in one place. Used in expressions like 「群衆が押し寄せる」 or 「群衆心理」, it is a formal word that objectively refers to the state of an unspecified large crowd.
AI-generated translation
N1
軍縮
ぐんしゅく
「軍」 means armaments, and 「縮」 means to reduce; the word is a shortened form of 「軍備縮小」(reduction of armaments). It refers to reducing armaments based on agreements between states. Used in expressions like 「軍縮交渉」 or 「軍縮条約」, in contexts of international negotiations aimed at reducing military forces.
AI-generated translation
N1
軍備
ぐんび
「軍」 means army, and 「備」 means preparation; together they mean preparation for military matters. It is a general term for weapons, troops, and military facilities used to defend a country. Used in expressions like 「軍備を増強する」 or 「軍備を縮小する」, it is a formal word for a nation's military power itself, used in articles on politics and history.
AI-generated translation
N3
訓練
くんれん
training. To have someone practice repeatedly so they can do something well. Example: 「避難訓練」 (an evacuation drill), 「犬を訓練する」 (to train a dog).
AI-generated translation
N2
経緯
けいい
A word describing the circumstances or developments leading up to something. Focuses on process or background rather than outcome, as in「事件の経緯を説明する」「合併に至る経緯」. Can also be read as「いきさつ」.
AI-generated translation
N2
経過
けいか
Time passing by; also, the way something progresses and changes.
AI-generated translation
N1
形骸
けいがい
A word referring to a state in which substance or content has been lost, leaving only the outer form. Often used in the form「形骸化する」to describe rules or systems that no longer function.
AI-generated translation
N2
契機
けいき
「契」 means to bond or to make a pact, and 「機」 means an occasion or trigger; the word combines two synonymous characters. It refers to the trigger that brings about a change or action. Often used in the forms 「〜を契機に」 or 「〜を契機として」, it is a formal word for an event that becomes a turning point. It frequently appears in newspapers and essays.
AI-generated translation
N3
景気
けいき
economy. The state of the movement of money and business in society. Example: 「景気がいい」 (the economy is good), 「景気が回復する」 (the economy recovers).
AI-generated translation
N2
警護
けいご
It refers to accompanying and standing watch in order to protect important persons or important facilities from harm. Used in expressions like 「首相を警護する」 or 「警護にあたる」, it is a formal word used in situations where specialized personnel secure the safety of someone's surroundings.
AI-generated translation
N3
敬語
けいご
A way of speaking that expresses respect for the other person. Includes honorific, humble, and polite language. Example: 「敬語を使う」 (to use honorific language).
AI-generated translation
N2
携行
けいこう
「携」 means to carry along, and 「行」 means to go; together they mean to carry along and go. It refers to carrying something on one's person while moving. Used in expressions like 「救急用品を携行する」 or 「身分証を携行する」, in situations of carrying necessary items while moving about. It is often seen in formal writing and rules or notices.
AI-generated translation
N3
傾向
けいこう
tendency. A tendency for something to lean in a certain direction. Example: 「増える傾向にある」 (there is a tendency to increase), 「若者の傾向」 (a tendency among young people).
AI-generated translation
N2
渓谷
けいこく
A deep valley with a river running through it, flanked by mountains.
AI-generated translation
N3
警告
けいこく
warning. To give strong advance notice so a dangerous thing does not happen. Example: 「警告を受ける」 (to receive a warning), 「警告を無視する」 (to ignore a warning).
AI-generated translation
N2
慶事
けいじ
「慶」 means to rejoice, and 「事」 means an event; together they mean a joyous event. The word refers to happy occasions such as marriage, childbirth, or promotion. Used in expressions like 「一族の慶事」 or 「慶事が続く」, it is a formal word used in formal contexts or greetings.
AI-generated translation
N2
掲示
けいじ
To write something on paper or the like and post it in a visible place in order to inform many people.
AI-generated translation
N2
軽視
けいし
To view something lightly and not treat it as important. The word with the opposite meaning is 「重視」.
AI-generated translation
N2
傾斜
けいしゃ
It refers to a state of being slanted, or to leaning strongly in a certain direction. Used in expressions like 「急な傾斜」 or 「特定の業界に傾斜する」, it is a formal word used both for physical inclination and for biases in thought or interest.
AI-generated translation
N3
芸術
げいじゅつ
art. An activity that expresses beauty, such as painting, music, and literature. Example: 「芸術作品」 (a work of art), 「芸術家」 (an artist).
AI-generated translation
Vocabulary data on this site is based on the JMdict/EDICT project (© Electronic Dictionary Research and Development Group, CC BY-SA 4.0). JLPT level classification is our own assessment using AI (Claude) and is not an official JLPT standard.